Oregon, once hailed as a trailblazer in drug reform for legalizing therapeutic psilocybin in 2020, has seen a dramatic reversal as voters across the state opted to ban or permanently restrict the use of the psychedelic compound. The recent November 5 election results underscore a growing skepticism about drug liberalization policies, both in Oregon and across the United States.

Four Oregon cities, including suburban, rural, and coastal areas, voted to prohibit psilocybin use outright. Additionally, a dozen other communities that had enacted temporary moratoriums in 2022 voted to make those restrictions permanent. This marks a continuation of the trend from last year when over 100 cities and a majority of counties in the state moved to limit or ban psilocybin use.

Psilocybin, the active ingredient in so-called “magic mushrooms,” was federally illegal but gained therapeutic approval in Oregon after voters passed Measure 109 in 2020. The law established a framework for licensed psilocybin therapy, hailed as a groundbreaking approach to mental health treatment. Advocates touted psilocybin's potential to treat conditions like depression and PTSD.

The rejection of psilocybin mirrors broader electoral outcomes across the U.S., where voters appear increasingly wary of drug liberalization.

In Massachusetts, a measure to allow adults to grow and use plant-based psychedelics under certain circumstances failed. Similarly, voters in all three states considering recreational marijuana legalization—Ohio, Florida, and North Dakota—rejected such measures.

This shift in public sentiment may reflect concerns about the nation’s ongoing opioid crisis, particularly the devastating impact of fentanyl. The drug has fueled record-high overdose deaths and prompted communities to reconsider the consequences of more permissive drug policies.

Experts say the recent outcomes suggest a growing hesitancy among voters to embrace policies that expand access to currently illicit substances, even those with potential medical benefits.

“While therapeutic psilocybin and recreational marijuana were once seen as the next frontier in drug reform, the realities of the fentanyl crisis and public safety concerns may be causing voters to pump the brakes,” said Sheila Green, a drug policy analyst.

Supporters of Measure 109 argue that the therapeutic use of psilocybin is fundamentally different from the recreational drug crises gripping the country. However, critics say the public’s perception often conflates these issues, leading to resistance at the ballot box.

The setbacks for psilocybin and marijuana advocates highlight the challenges of enacting drug reform in the current climate. While some states and municipalities have embraced limited measures to decriminalize or regulate substances, the broader trend points to growing caution.

The election results in Oregon may also complicate the rollout of the state’s psilocybin therapy program, which has faced delays and resistance. Advocates must now navigate an increasingly divided public and political landscape to ensure access while addressing community concerns.